Questions: Part 2

Chapter 5 - Getting Ahead

1. Why are the trigeminal and facial cranial nerves both complicated and strange in the human body?
2.  List the structures that are formed from the four embryonic arches (gill arches) during human development.
3. What are Hox genes and why are they so important?
4. Amphioxus is a small invertebrate yet is an important specimen for study –why?

Chapter 6 - The Best Laid (Body) Plans

1. Early embryonic experiments in the 1800s led to the discovery of three germ layers. List their names and the organs that form from each.
2. Describe the blastocyst stage in embryonic development.
3. What is meant by “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny?”
4. What type of gene is Noggin and what is its function in bodies?
5. Sea anemones have radial symmetry while humans have bilateral symmetry but they still have “similar” body plans – explain.

Chapter 7 - Adventures in Bodybuilding

1. Refer to the timeline on p.121 – what is most interesting to you about the timescale? Explain your reason.
2. What is the most common protein found in the human body? Name it and describe it.
3. Explain how cells “stick” to one another; give one example.
4. How do cells communicate with one another?
5. What are choanoflagellates and why have they been studied by biologists?
6. What are some of the reasons that “bodies” might have developed in the first place?

Chapter 8 - Making Scents

1. Briefly explain how we perceive a smell
2. Jawless fish have a very few number of odor genes while mammals have a much larger number. Why does this make sense and how is it possible?

Part 1 Questions

Chapter 1 - Finding Your Inner Fish

1. Explain why the author and his colleagues chose to focus on 375 million year old rocks in their search for fossils. Be sure to include the types of rocks and their location during their paleontology work in 2004.
2. Describe the fossil Tiktaalik. Why does this fossil confirm a major prediction of paleontology?
3. Explain why Neil Shubin thinks Tiktaalik says something about our own bodies? (in other words – why the Inner Fish title for the book?)

Chapter 2 - Getting a Grip

1. Describe the “pattern” to the skeleton of the human arm that was discovered by Sir Richard Owen in the mid-1800s. Relate this pattern to his idea of exceptional similarities.
2. How did Charles Darwin’s theory explain these similarities that were observed by Owen?
3. What did further examination of Tiktaalik’s fins reveal about the creature and its’ lifestyle?

Chapter 3 - Handy Genes

1. Many experiments were conducted during the 1950s and 1960s with chick embryos and they showed that two patches of tissue essentially controlled the development of the pattern of bones inside limbs. Describe one of these experiments and explain the significance of the findings.
2. Describe the hedgehog gene.. Be sure to explain its’ function and its’ region of activity in the body.

Chapter 4 - Teeth Everywhere

1. Teeth make great fossils - why are they “as hard as rocks?”
2. What are conodonts?
3.  Shubin writes that “we would never have scales, feathers, and breasts if we didn’t have teeth in the first place.” (p. 79) Explain what he means by this statement.